Carnitine Shuttle Purpose and Mechanism YouTube Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Citrate and Carnitine Acylcarnitine Transporters: Two Mitochondrial Carriers Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation ScienceDirect The Carnitine Shuttle Cytosol Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Transport Medium chain fatty acid oxidation is independent of l carnitine in liver and kidney but not in heart and skeletal muscle American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology American Physiological Society